Catherine de medici biography wikipedia

Alfonsina Orsini

Regent of the Republic of Firenze (–)

Alfonsina Orsini ( – 7 February ) was a Regent of Florence. She administered the Republic of Florence during the absences of her son in the period of – Her rule was feared as a sign of the conclusion of republican government there.

Often regarded as brutal and calculating, the powerful Catherine de Medici is much maligned. But how should we regard her deeds and power? Estelle Paranque considers the life and legacy of the fascinating royal, from her historical unpopularity to her power on the history of Europe…. Catherine de Medici was never meant to be queen.

She was born from a noble family and raised in the royal court of Naples. She was the spouse of Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici from and the mother of Lorenzo II de' Medici. She helped restore the Medicis to influence after they had been exiled.

She worked to secure a French royal marriage for her son, and was also leading at the court of Pope Leo X, her brother-in-law.

Throughout her life, she used her wealth, position, and connections to help the poor and underrepresented.

She also used them to further her family's power and wealth. She was a patron of the arts and architecture, both in Florence and in Rome. This included renovation of religious buildings as well as construction of palaces for the family.

Early life and family

Born in , she was the daughter of Caterina Sanseverino and Roberto Orsini, Count of Tagliacozzo and Alba.

She was raised in the court of Ferdinand I of Naples. In , Orsini's marriage to Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici was arranged by his uncle, Bernardo Rucellai who stood in as proxy. In February , she brought a dowry of ducats when she joined her husband at a wedding in Rome attended by Ferdinand and his wife Joanna of Aragon.

She finally arrived in Florence in May

Like previous wives of the Medicis, she was frequently petitioned by the religious and the poor to aid their requests for aid from her husband, and later, her son. She was asked to help ease tax burdens, provide jobs, and release impounded property.

Orsini, her mother, and Clarice Orsini (her mother-in-law and a distant cousin) supported a major renovation of the Santa Lucia convent in Florence. The renovation included expanding dormitories for the Dominican sisters, rebuilding the church, and adding other rooms and chapels.

A few of the rooms were made available for women in the Medici family whenever they were needed.

Issue

Alfonsina Orsini and her husband had three children:

Political life

Her husband and other men in the Medici family were exiled in November when Piero's negotiations with the invading Charles VIII of France did not meet with the people's expectations.

On 9 November , a mob plundered the Medici palace and drove Alfonsina and her mother out, stripping them of their jewelry. They then stayed at the convent they had rebuilt. Under Florentine law, women and children were not included with their husbands or fathers in exile, though their funds and ability to travel were limited.

The law also allowed women whose husbands were exiled to use their dowry as their primary source of funds, but Alfonsina's dowry was included in the state seizure of Medici assets. Alfonsina and her mother negotiated with Charles to end the exile, but he only removed their status as rebels, and could not boost the exile.

Catherine de'Medici (13 April – 5 January ) was an Italian noblewoman from the powerful Medici family. She became Queen of France as the wife of King Henry II and was the mother of three French kings: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III sometimes called "the age of Catherine de' Medici.".

In May , Alfonsina asked permission to travel to Rome and rejoin her husband there, but she was denied. That September, she left without permission and joined Piero and his brother Giuliano in Siena. Her mother was exiled from Florence in March

Piero died in exile in Alfonsina returned briefly to Florence in to attempt to claim her dowry and to seek a husband for her daughter, Clarice.

She was successfully received by many people there and worked to build help for a Medici return. Thanks to negotiations by Lucrezia de' Medici, Clarice was engaged to Filippo Strozzi in Rome in December , bringing the Strozzi into the Medici camp.

Alfonsina provided Clarice a dowry of ducats. In , the chief of Florence, Piero Soderini, asked his brother, Cardinal Francesco Soderini to help resolve Alfonsina's claim on her dowry, but progress was slow. In , she asked Pope Julius II to claim the Cardinal's funds until he could get her the money, but that did not help.

Catherine de'Medici 13 April — 5 January was an Italian noblewoman from the dominant Medici family. When Henry became king inCatherine was pushed aside by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. During her time as queen and regent, France was troubled by wars between Catholics and Protestants Huguenots. At first, Catherine tried to make harmony with the Protestants, but later turned to harsher measures.

She did not receive her dowry funds until late in The Medici exile lasted until September , though Alfonsina remained in Rome.

When her brother-in-law was elected as Pope Leo X, she took advantage of the situation to increase her income and provide additional funds to her son.

By , she noted that the Pope was running low on funds, but continued to act in her family's interest. She spent a year lobbying for her son-in-law to get the position of Depositor-General of the Vatican, giving her family direct access to Vatican treasuries.

The Medicis began to have public disputes about which of the family members and clients should get the most powerful and influential positions. Alfonsina was working so that her son would have sole command in Florence, while others, led by Lucrezia, wanted a more distributed government.

Alfonsina even encouraged Lorenzo to interfere in elections in Florence, to get the right people elected. She regularly reminded him to reward families that had been loyal to the Medicis and Orsinis for a long time. About this time, she also began negotiating for a royal bride for Lorenzo, considering marriage with a Spanish princess.

Eventually, her aspirations were met with his marriage to Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne.

Regency

In June , she moved back to the Medici palace in Florence.

Catherine de Medici was one of the most powerful women of the 16th century, ruling over the royal French court for 17 years in varying degrees of sway and strength. The Medicis were a powerful banking family who ruled over Florence, transforming it into a glorious Renaissance metropolis in previous centuries. Within a month of her birth however, Catherine found herself an orphan when her mother died of the plague and her father of syphilis. Though the Medici were immensely powerful, they were not of royal stock, and this marriage manoeuvred her offspring directly into the royal bloodline of France.

Though the Republic of Florence was still a republic in name, Lorenzo dominated with his mother's help. The Medici palace became the location where government decisions were made. When Lorenzo took the Florentine army in the summer of to support Pope Leo and the Spanish in the war against Francis I of France, Alfonsina took up the governance in his name.

Though she could not hold an official office, she directed the decisions of the governing councils and edited the letters Lorenzo sent to the councils. The councils noted in their records that decisions had been made "by order of Magnificent Lady Alfonsina." She had her chancellor, Bernardo Fiamminghi, appointed as the secretary of the office which created new laws.

She also provided orders on who should be 'elected' to the councils throughout the rest of her son's life. She was also emotionally attached in the strategy regarding the war. When the Swiss mercenaries left the Spanish army, she began sending treaty proposals to Francis.

Pope Leo asked her to provide the ambassadors to negotiate the treaty with Francis. The treaty included a provision allowing the Medici to persist their rule. She had the responsibility of planning the official visit of Pope Leo to Florence in November as he was traveling to sign the peace treaty.

She was a driving force behind her son receiving the Duchy of Urbino in , and helped to fund his side of the War of Urbino.

While he was away again starting that tumble, she ruled remotely from Rome, providing direction to Goro Gheri who worked in Florence for her through Even when Lorenzo provided direction to Gheri, he confirmed the decision with Alfonsina before acting on the orders.

She took responsibility for appointing governors to lands ruled by Florence, including Reggio and Urbino, who followed her orders.

Her regulation was not popular, and even during Pope Leo's visit in , posters went up protesting her greed and naming her an enemy of liberty.

Many citizens of Florence feared the impending end of the republic, and a conversion to a monarchy. By the spring of , her health was so poor she could no longer walk. She died in Rome on 7 February When she died, rumors of her greed were spread indicating that she left behind a fabulous fortune, more than ducats.

While she did not leave behind as much as that, she left about ducats to Pope Leo, trusting him to use the funds to care for her daughter and granddaughter.

catherine de medici biography wikipedia3: Catherine de' Medici (Italian: Caterina de' Medici, pronounced [kateˈriːna de ˈmɛːditʃi]; French: Catherine de Médicis, pronounced [katʁin də medisis]; 13 April – 5 January ) was an Italian [a] noblewoman born into the Medici family.

She is buried in the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo.

Influence on art and architecture

Until her husband's exile, she sponsored the serve of Mariotto Albertinelli, sending his paintings to her extended family throughout Italy.

In , Alfonsina inherited a castle near Tivoli from her mother. In , her son-in-law Filippo wrote a description of her collection of ancient statues, noting they were among the best in Rome. From to , she was involved with her son Lorenzo in several major construction projects, continuing construction of a villa at Poggio a Caiano, operate on a lake house at Fucecchio, and rebuilding gardens in Florence.

During that period, she also independently managed the construction of the Medici-Lante Palace in Rome. She employed the architect Nanni di Baccio Bigio to work on each of these projects.

In popular culture

Featured briefly in the beginning of "The Serpent Queen" by an uncredited actress in a non speaking role.

References

Sources

Gilbert, Felix ().
Catherine de' Medici (l. ) was the queen of France, mother of three kings and two queens and, between and c. , the most powerful woman in France and, possibly, all of Europe.
"Bernardo Rucellai and the Orti Oricellari: A Study on the Origin of Modern Political Thought". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 12. Warburg Institute: – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
Reiss, Sheryl E.

(). "Widow, Mother, Patron of Art: Alfonsina Orsini de' Medici". In Reiss, Sheryl E.; Wilkins, David G. (eds.). Beyond Isabella: Secular Women Patrons of Art in Renaissance Italy Volume 54 of Sixteenth century essays & studies.

Truman Articulate Univ Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 11 January
Tomas, Natalie R. ().
As queen consort and, later, queen mother, Catherine was highly influential during a period of intense religious and civil struggle. Only weeks later, however, Madeleine fell ill and died. Her husband followed a week later. The French King Francis I attempted to bring Catherine to the French court as his kinswoman, but the pope blocked this, looking to an alliance with Spain.
The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN&#;.